Consensus exists that eliminating Pennsylvania’s property taxes remains possible, albeit complex and not without trade-offs.
School officials, business and advocacy groups told the House Majority Policy Committee on Monday that such a radical change to the state’s tax structure would mean increased levies on sales and personal incomes, but may be a step toward a fairer and more “equitable” system.
It’s a perennial conversation among state lawmakers, many of whom admonish districts for raising property taxes, sometimes each year, to cover the rising costs of public education.
Schools say federal and state mandated policies – including special education, employee pension contributions and charter school tuition payments – drive the bulk of tax increases.
“A comprehensive and sustainable solution needed for several school funding issues is the most critical issue out there,” said Andrew Amagost, advocacy and research manager for the Pennsylvania Association of School Business Officials. “The only way to address this issue, however, is to recognize the interconnectedness of each of the elements.”
“School equity and taxpayer equity are two sides of the same coin,” he added.
The Independent Fiscal Office estimates districts collected $15.1 billion in tax revenue in the current year. That figure will climb to nearly $18 billion in 2025.
Local property taxes account for about 60% of district funding, said John Callahan, chief advocacy officer for the Pennsylvania School Boards Association. State and federal dollars fill the gap, though the opposite was true just three decades ago, Callahan said.
School pension obligations have spiked local contributions $5 billion since 2006. Callahan said the rise means districts spend about 14% of their budgets on the payments, compared with 2.5% two decades ago.
“It’s a crusher on school districts,” he said. “It’s starting to flatten out, but still it’s something that puts huge pressure on school district budgets and has to be dealt with.”
Charter school tuition payments have likewise grown to $2.7 billion annually, including a $500 million increase to cyber institutions alone. The state requires districts pay charters, so schools make cuts in other ways, from student programs to teacher salaries, to make up the difference.
"We’ve actually managed to control our costs," Callahan said. "But really it's those mandated costs that are ultimately driving property tax increases."
Critics argue the state’s regressive tax system creates disparities in education, particularly for low income neighborhoods and students of color.
Residents living on fixed incomes likewise struggle to afford their homes as rates climb. A WalletHub analysis concludes a tax bill on a property priced at the state median of $180,200 is $2,852, ranking Pennsylvania ninth in the nation for its tax burden on homeowners.
“No tax is more unfair, inequitable or unjust as the property tax,” said Jim Rodkey, founder of the PA Property Rights Association.
IFO Director Matthew Knittel said the state could eliminate property taxes and replace the revenue lost with a 2 percentage point increase in the sales and use tax rate and a 1.85 percentage point increase in the personal income tax (PIT) rate. Retirement income, like PIT, would be taxed at 4.92% to help generate up $15.8 billion in revenue.
“It’s very close,” Knittel said. “It’s a few hundred million short, but it gets you most of the way there.”
IFO analysis shows property tax burdens vary widely across the state. In Philadelphia County, residents pay between 1.8% and 2.1% of their income toward taxes, one of the lowest burdens in the state, compared to residents in York County, who pay among the highest at 3.5% of their income.
“Depending on what county you’re located in, this very large change in the tax system will have different outcomes depending on where you live and that’s where the map is useful because it bears that out,” he said. “There’s going to be folks who gain and folks who lose. As a group, elderly homeowners would benefit the most.”
Callahan said PSBA remains open to any solutions “that actually work.”
“So long as it functionally shifts those taxes, whatever can actually functionally work and be stable and maybe even more equitable at the end of the day, is something we would be more in favor of,” he said.
Rep. Frank Ryan, R-Palmyra, said the state's current funding formula makes elimination an expensive and challenging prospect.
“The reason this issue is so complicated is because our current system of taxation and funding schools is so fundamentally flawed,” he said. “Even minor fixes to peripheral elements of the system could have significant unintended consequences.”
Legislators doled out nearly $8 billion to schools in June through a funding formula that guarantees districts will receive no less per student than they did in 1992, called hold harmless.
The policy means shrinking districts receive a larger per-student payment than growing districts, leaving less money to go around. In 2020, just 89% of state funding was distributed this way, with the rest funneling through a 2016 formula that also considers a district's social and economic constraints.
Abandoning hold harmless, however, would drive steep cuts in two-thirds of districts that taxpayers would be left to fill.
“The hold harmless provision essentially means that well over half of the state gets more than it should in property tax relief and the other half gets far less,” Ryan said. “This disparity creates utter chaos when trying to get rid of school property taxes because those benefiting from the current system do not want it to change."
Legislative Democrats said in June the state should use stimulus money, of which the General Assembly saved $7.3 billion, to retire hold harmless and "make districts whole" who would otherwise see a massive cut.
Republicans said saving the money now will shield taxpayers from rate hikes when the state reaches a projected $8 billion fiscal cliff.
“I cannot emphasize enough how severe the problem is with school property taxes," Ryan said Monday. "It is critical that everyone understand that if we do not resolve this problem together, the probability of surviving the next economic downturn is limited."
See also:
Pennsylvania Continues to Look for Ways to Lower Property Taxes
Constitutional Amendment Proposes End To Pennsylvania Property Taxes
Wolf Announces Early Property Tax, Rent Rebates To Help Seniors, Others During COVID-19 Pandemic
North Penn School Board Passes 2020-2021 Budget With 2.6% Tax Increase
Remaining $1.3 Billion In Coronavirus Cash To Prop Up Pa. Budget Rather Than Help Ailing Industries
